Alves, L. G. A., Ribeiro, H. V., Lenzi, E. K., & Mendes, R. S. (2013a). Distance to the scaling law: A useful approach for unveiling relationships between crime and urban metrics. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e69580.
Google Scholar
Alves, L. G. A., Ribeiro, H. V., & Mendes, R. S. (2013b). Scaling laws in the dynamics of crime growth rate. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 392(11), 2672–2679.
Google Scholar
Andresen, M. A. (2006). Crime measures and the spatial analysis of criminal activity. The British Journal of Criminology, 46(2), 258–285.
Google Scholar
Andresen, M. A. (2011). The ambient population and crime analysis. The Professional Geographer, 63(2), 193–212.
Google Scholar
Andresen, M. A., & Linning, S. J. (2012). The (in)appropriateness of aggregating across crime types. Applied Geography, 35(1–2), 275–282.
Google Scholar
Arcaute, E., Hatna, E., Ferguson, P., Youn, H., Johansson, A., & Batty, M. (2014). Constructing cities, deconstructing scaling laws. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 12(102), 20140745.
Google Scholar
Balbi, A., & Guerry, A.-M. (1829). Statistique comparée de l’état de l’instruction et du nombre des crimes dans les divers arrondissements des Académies et des Cours Royales de France. Paris: Everat.
Bettencourt, L. M. A. (2013). The origins of scaling in cities. Science, 340(6139), 1438–1441.
Google Scholar
Bettencourt, L. M. A., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., & West, G. B. (2007). Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(17), 7301–7306.
Google Scholar
Bettencourt, L. M. A., Lobo, J., Strumsky, D., & West, G. B. (2010). Urban scaling and its deviations: Revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities. PLoS ONE, 5(11), e13541.
Google Scholar
Bettencourt, L. M. A., Lobo, J., & Youn, H. (2013). The hypothesis of urban scaling: Formalization, implications and challenges. Technical Report arXiv:1301.5919 [physics.soc-ph], arXiv.
Blau, P. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure (1st ed.). Free Press.
Google Scholar
Boggs, S. L. (1965). Urban crime patterns. American Sociological Review, 30(6), 899.
Google Scholar
Boivin, R. (2013). On the use of crime rates. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 55(2), 263–277.
Google Scholar
Bursik, R. J., & Webb, J. (1982). Community change and patterns of delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 88(1), 24–42.
Google Scholar
Chamlin, M. B., & Cochran, J. K. (2004). An excursus on the population size–crime relationship. Western Criminology Review, 5(2), 119–130.
Google Scholar
Chang, Y. S., Kim, H. E., & Jeon, S. (2019). Do larger cities experience lower crime rates? A scaling analysis of 758 cities in the U.S. Sustainability, 11(11), 3111.
Google Scholar
Clarke, R. V. (1984). Opportunity-based crime rates: The difficulties of further refinement. The British Journal of Criminology, 24(1), 74–83.
Google Scholar
Cohen, L. E., Kaufman, R. L., & Gottfredson, M. R. (1985). Risk-based crime statistics: A forecasting comparison for burglary and auto theft. Journal of Criminal Justice, 13(5), 445–457.
Google Scholar
Cottineau, C., Hatna, E., Arcaute, E., & Batty, M. (2017). Diverse cities or the systematic paradox of urban scaling laws. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 63, 80–94.
Google Scholar
Durkheim, É. (1895). Les règles de la méthode sociologique. Paris: Flix Alcan.
Google Scholar
Fischer, C. S. (1975). Toward a subcultural theory of urbanism. American Journal of Sociology, 80(6), 1319–1341.
Google Scholar
Fischer, C. S. (1995). The subcultural theory of urbanism: A twentieth-year assessment. American Journal of Sociology, 101(3), 543–577.
Google Scholar
Freudenburg, W. R. (1986). The density of acquaintanceship: An overlooked variable in community research? American Journal of Sociology, 92(1), 27–63.
Google Scholar
Friendly, M. (2007). A.-M. Guerry’s Moral statistics of France : Challenges for multivariable spatial analysis. Statistical Science 22(3), 368–399.
Gibbs, J. P., & Erickson, M. L. (1976). Crime rates of American cities in an ecological context. American Journal of Sociology, 82(3), 605–620.
Google Scholar
Gomez-Lievano, A., Patterson-Lomba, O., & Hausmann, R. (2016). Explaining the prevalence, scaling and variance of urban phenomena. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(1), 0012.
Google Scholar
Gomez-Lievano, A., Youn, H., & Bettencourt, L. M. A. (2012). The Statistics of Urban Scaling and Their Connection to Zipf’s Law. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e40393.
Groff, E. R. (2015). Informal Social Control and Crime Events. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(1), 90–106.
Google Scholar
Hall, J. (2016). Flint is the most dangerous city in America—But it has nothing to do with the water crisis. The Independent.
Hanley, Q. S., Khatun, S., Yosef, A., & Dyer, R.-M. (2014). Fluctuation scaling, Taylor’s law, and crime. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e109004.
Google Scholar
Hanley, Q. S., Lewis, D., & Ribeiro, H. V. (2016). Rural to urban population density scaling of crime and property transactions in English and Welsh Parliamentary Constituencies. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0149546.
Google Scholar
Harrendorf, S. (2018). Prospects, problems, and pitfalls in comparative analyses of criminal justice data. Crime and Justice, 47(1), 159–207.
Google Scholar
Harrendorf, S., Heiskanen, M., & Malby, S. (Eds.). (2010). International statistics on crime and justice, Volume 64. Helsinki: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations.
Harries, K. D. (1981). Crime rates and environmental denominators. Journal of Environmental Systems, 11(1), 3–15.
Google Scholar
Hipp, J. R., & Steenbeek, W. (2016). Types of crime and types of mechanisms. Crime & Delinquency, 62(9), 1203–1234.
Google Scholar
Leitão, J. C., Miotto, J. M., Gerlach, M., & Altmann, E. G. (2016). Is this scaling nonlinear? Royal Society Open Science, 3(7), 150649.
Google Scholar
Louf, R., & Barthelemy, M. (2014). Scaling: Lost in the smog. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 41(5), 767–769.
Google Scholar
Malleson, N., & Andresen, M. A. (2016). Exploring the impact of ambient population measures on London crime hotspots. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 52–63.
Google Scholar
Mayhew, B. H., & Levinger, R. L. (1976). Size and the Density of Interaction in Human Aggregates. American Journal of Sociology, 82(1), 86–110.
Google Scholar
Miethe, T., McCorkle, R., & Listwan, S. J. (2005). Crime profiles: The anatomy of dangerous persons, places, and situations (3rd edn.). Oxford University Press.
Miethe, T. D., Hughes, M., & McDowall, D. (1991). Social change and crime rates: An evaluation of alternative theoretical approaches. Social Forces, 70(1), 165–185.
Google Scholar
Oliveira, M., Barbosa-Filho, H., Yehle, T., White, S., & Menezes, R. (2015). From criminal spheres of familiarity to crime networks. In Complex Networks VI, pp. 219–230. Springer.
Oliveira, M., Bastos-Filho, C., & Menezes, R. (2017). The scaling of crime concentration in cities. PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0183110.
Google Scholar
Oliveira, M., & Menezes, R. (2019). Spatial concentration and temporal regularities in crime. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.03589.
Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, E., Bastos-Filho, C., & Menezes, R. (2018). Spatio-temporal variations in the urban rhythm: the travelling waves of crime. EPJ Data Science, 7(1), 29.
Google Scholar
Pacheco, D. F., Oliveira, M., & Menezes, R. (2017). Using social media to assess neighborhood social disorganization: A case study in the United Kingdom. In Proceedings of the thirtieth international Florida artificial intelligence research society conference, FLAIRS 2017, Marco Island, Florida, USA, May 22–24, 2017., pp. 341–346.
Park, H., & Katz, J. (2016). Murder rates rose in a quarter of the nation’s 100 largest cities. The New York Times.
Rotolo, T., & Tittle, C. R. (2006). Population size, change, and crime in U.S. cities. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22(4), 341–367.
Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (1986). Crime in cities: The effects of formal and informal social control. Crime and Justice, 8, 271–311.
Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (1988). Local friendship ties and community attachment in mass society: A multilevel systemic model. American Sociological Review, 53(5), 766.
Google Scholar
Siegel, L. J. (2011). Criminology (11th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing.
Google Scholar
Stults, B. J., & Hasbrouck, M. (2015). The effect of commuting on city-level crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(2), 331–350.
Google Scholar
Takala, J.-P., & Aromaa, K. (2008). Victimology. In Encyclopedia of violence, peace, & conflict, pp. 2272–2288. Elsevier.
Thurner, S., Hanel, R., & Klimek, P. (2018). Introduction to the theory of complex systems. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
White, S., Yehle, T., Serrano, H., Oliveira, M., & Menezes, R. (2014). The spatial structure of crime in urban environments. In Social informatics, pp. 102–111. Springer.
Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a Way of Life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1–24.
Google Scholar
Yang, V. C., Papachristos, A. V., & Abrams, D. M. (2019). Modeling the origin of urban-output scaling laws. Physical Review E, 100(3), 32306.
Google Scholar