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Table 3 Regression models examining factors associated with residence-to-crime distance (N = 2926 Crimes)

From: A multilevel examination of the association between COVID-19 restrictions and residence-to-crime distance

Variable 

Model 1

Model 2+

Model 3++

Model 4+++

Level 1 

 Time period (ref. = During)

  Pre-safer at home 

   0.278**

   0.211***

   0.195*

   0.140***

  Post-safer at home 

   0.372***

   0.229***

   0.248**

   0.123**

 Offense type (ref. = Violent)

  Property 

   0.588***

   0.232***

   0.415***

   0.144***

  Disorder 

   0.225***

   0.109***

   0.228***

   0.113***

 Age (ref. = 0–17 years)

  18–24 

   0.137*

   0.048

   0.078

   0.014

  25–34 

   0.245***

   0.037

   0.155*

− 0.009

  35+

   0.166**

− 0.012

   0.087

− 0.055*

 Male (ref. = Female)

− 0.079**

− 0.055***

− 0.004

− 0.001

 Race (ref. = White)

  AIAN 

   0.137

   0.091

   0.198

   0.086

  Asian 

− 0.406**

   0.048

− 0.344**

   0.115

  Black 

   0.125***

− 0.051*

   0.073*

− 0.031

 Month (ref. = Jan)

  Feb 

   0.120

   0.027

   0.088

   0.003

  Mar 

   0.103

− 0.013

   0.102

− 0.014

  Apr 

   0.032

   0.020

   0.025

− 0.001

  May 

− 0.091

− 0.015

− 0.065

− 0.019

  June 

− 0.052

− 0.019

− 0.015

   0.008

  July 

− 0.137*

− 0.079*

− 0.069

− 0.032

  Aug 

− 0.092

− 0.071*

− 0.055

− 0.043

  Sep 

− 0.170**

− 0.086**

− 0.090

− 0.039

  Oct 

− 0.125*

− 0.081*

− 0.065

− 0.051

  Nov 

− 0.174**

− 0.072*

− 0.171**

− 0.062*

  Dec 

− 0.095

− 0.040

− 0.097

− 0.057*

Level 2—home block group

 Population density (× 100)

–

− 0.002***

 

− 0.002**

 % Young males

–

   0.018**

 

   0.017**

 Concentrated poverty

–

   0.155

 

   0.103

 Residential instability

–

− 0.006

 

   0.007

 Racial diversity

–

− 0.388*

 

− 0.405**

Level 2—crime block group

 Population density (× 100)

–

–

− 0.005***

− 0.005***

 % Young males

–

–

− 0.026

   0.001

 Concentrated poverty

–

–

− 0.086

   0.035

 Residential instability

–

–

− 0.013

− 0.001

 Racial diversity

–

–

− 0.296

− 0.356

Constant 

   1.190***

   2.119***

   1.670***

   2.435***

Model statistics

 Interclass correlation

–

   0.829

   0.135

–

 Akaike info. criterion

6381.802

3410.211

5989.914

2566.302

  1. ref. reference category, AIAN American Indian-Alaskan Native
  2. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
  3. +Observations are nested in home block groups
  4. ++Observations are nested in crime block groups
  5. +++Observations are cross-nested in home and crime block groups
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Crime Science

ISSN: 2193-7680

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