Table 5 Public sector sources included in this scoping review
Author | Date | Publication type | Scientific discipline | Data | Data analysis method | Cryptocurrency technology | Fraud types | Fraud definitions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Advertising Standards Authority and Committees of Advertising Practice | (2019) | Report | Advertising | Anecdotal | N/A | N/A | Unspecified fraud | Not reported |
Australian Competition & Consumer Commission | (2018) | Report | Trade regulation | Scams reported to the ACCC | N/A | Bitcoin, Ether | Fake ICOs, pyramid schemes, ransomware, other scams | Fully reported |
Australian Competition & Consumer Commission | (2020) | Report | Trade regulation | Scams reported to the ACCC and data from other Australian government agencies | N/A | Bitcoin, Ethereum, DSH, Ripple, Litecoin, EOS | Investment scams / Ponzi schemes, cloud mining cryptocurrency scams, celebrity endorsement scams | Fully reported |
Capobianco, U.S. Department of Justice (to OECD) | (2019) | Memorandum | Legal | Court cases | N/A | Bitcoin | High yield investment programme, mining scam, cryptojacking, | Not reported |
Elder & Rotunda, Texas State Securities Board | (2018) | Report | Financial Services | Investigations conducted | Descriptive analysis / N/A | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, Potcoin, Dogecoin, My Big Coin, Ponzicoin, Bitconnect Coins, DavorCoin, R2B | Unspecified fraud, high yield investment programme, fraudulent securities offerings | Not reported |
Elwell et al., Congressional Research Service | (2014) | Report | Legislative | Court case | N/A | Bitcoin | Unspecified fraud, Ponzi scheme | Not reported |
FSMA Belgium | (2020) | Alert | Financial Services | Consumer complaints | N/A | N/A | High yield investment programme, unspecified fraud | not reported |
Garg et al., Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, India | (2019) | Report and Bill | Finance | Anecdotal evidence, other studies | N/A | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Cardano, Zerocoin (not mentioned in connection with fraud specifically) | Ponzi schemes, phishing, price manipulation | Not reported |
HM Treasury, Financial Conduct Authority, Bank of England | (2018) | Report | Financial services | Qualitative consumer research, Action Fraud data | N/A | Bitcoin | Manipulation and market abuse, unspecified fraud, High yield investment programmes, fraudulent ICOs, cryptojacking, false signals of supply and demand (like wash trading, layering, spoofing), pump-and-dumps | Fully reported |
Leuz (to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission) | (2018) | Policy brief | Financial Services | Anecdotal | N/A | Proof of Weak Hands Coin | Pump-and-dumps, Ponzi scheme | Not reported |
Lockhart & Nuesser, Innovative Research Group, Inc. (Report to Ontario Securities Commission) | (2018) | Report | Financial Services | Survey, anecdotal evidence | Descriptive statistics | Bitcoin, Ether, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Ripple (in terms of ownership, not fraud) | ICO fraud | Not reported |
Malta Financial Services Authority | (2019) | Alert | Financial Services | Anecdotal | N/A | N/A | Unspecified fraud | Not reported |
Manojlovic, Vancouver Police Department | (2019) | Report and Resolutions | Law Enforcement | Police data | N/A | Bitcoin | Income tax scam (phishing style but referred to as above), other scams | Not reported |
Nelson, Congressional Research Service | (2019) | Testimony | Legislative | Other studies | N/A | N/A (lots of cryptocurrencies discussed but not in context of fraud) | ICO scams | Not reported |
NHS National Services Scotland | (2020) | Intelligence Alert | Healthcare | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin | COVID-related scams, cryptojacking, high yield investment programme, phishing, malware | Partially reported |
Scott, Congressional Research Service | (2020) | Report | Legislative | Court cases | N/A | Bitcoin | Unfair and deceptive acts, unspecified fraud | Not reported |
Securities and Exchange Commission Philippines | (2020) | Alert | Financial Services | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | N/A | Ponzi scheme | Fully reported |