Table 4 Private sector sources included in this scoping review
Author | Date | Publication type | Scientific discipline | Data | Data analysis method | Cryptocurrency technology | Fraud Types | Fraud definitions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP | (2018) | Alert | Law | Court case | N/A | N/A | Unspecified fraud, Ponzi schemes, market manipulation | Not reported |
Bolster | (2019) | Report | Artificial intelligence/cybersecurity | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Libra, Cybertruck | Counterfeiting, fishing, fake ICOs, scam giveaways and discount scams | Partially reported |
Burrus, Refinitiv | (2018) | Article | Financial services | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin | Fake ICOs, Ponzi schemes, pump-and-dumps | Partially reported |
Chainalysis | (2020) | Report | Fintech | Global Crypto Adoption Index for all countries using analytics from SimilarWeb, data from LocalBitcoins and Paxful | 'Global Crypto Adoption Index' | BCH, BTC, ETH, LTC, OMG, PAX, USDC, USD | Investment scams, other scams | Not reported |
Chainalysis | (2019) | Report | Fintech | Ethereum addresses and users | N/A | Ethereum | Phishing schemes, Ponzi, ICO exit scams | Fully reported |
Chernin et al., Cornerstone | (2020) | Report | Law | Court cases | N/A | Bitcon, Litecoin, My Big Coin, ATM Coin, CompCoin | Unspecified fraud, Ponzi schemes, CPO/CTA Fraud, options fraud, forex fraud, wash trading | Not reported |
Ciphertrace | (2018) | Report | Fintech | Anecdotal evidence (other data was used for money laundering but for the actual fraud ones it was just anecdotal) | N/A | Ethereum | Spear phishing, SIM swapping, Ponzi schemes, fake ICOs | Partially reported |
Cohen & Crance, Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP | (2018) | Article | Law | Court cases | N/A | Bitcoin | ICO fraud, unspecified fraud | Not reported |
Coulter, Burr Forman LLP | (2018) | Alert | Law | Court case | N/A | N/A | Unspecified fraud | Not reported |
Crowell & Moring | (2018) | Alert | Law | Court case | N/A | My Big Coin | Unspecified fraud | Not reported |
Desai et al., Accenture | (2019) | Report | Consulting | Threats reported to Retail & Hospitality ISAC | N/A | Bitcoin, Ethereum | Scams, cryptocurrency mining malware, ICO scams | Not reported |
Devonshires | (2018) | Report | Law | Court case | N/A | Bitcoin | Forex fraud | Not reported |
Eversheds Sutherland | (2018) | Report | Law | Court case and anecdotal evidence | N/A | N/A | Securities fraud | Not reported |
Financial Integrity Network | (2018) | Alert | Investigations and Compliance | Loss estimates from other source | N/A | Bitcoin, Monero, Dash, Counterparty, Ethereum, Openledger | ICO scams | Not reported |
Global Blockchain Business Council / Accenture | (2020) | Report | Fintech | Court cases and statistics from other organisations | N/A | T-Chits, Bitcoin | Unspecified fraud, ICO fraud, phishing | Not reported |
Goodlett, DLA Piper | (2020) | Article | Law | Court cases | N/A | N/A | High yield investment programme, unspecified fraud, mining scam | Not reported |
Halverson, Mclean Roche Consulting | (2020) | Report (to Australian government) | Financial Services | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, Tehter, Bitcoin Cash, Libra, Monero, EOS, Bitcoin SV, Binance Coin, | Unspecified fraud, Ponzi scheme | Not reported |
Hedrich et al., Marsh & McLennan Companies | (2018) | Report | Consulting | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | N/A | Unspecified fraud | Not reported |
Insikt Group, Recorded Future | (2018) | Report | Security intelligence | IP addresses, social media profiles, case studies | N/A | Marine Chain, Interstellar / Stellar / HOLD / HUZU | Scams | Not reported |
Krone, et al. | (2018) | Article | Law | Court cases and anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin, Monero | ICO scam, unspecified fraud, phishing, exchange scams, credential stuffing, pump-and-dumps, cryptojacking | Fully reported |
LIFARS | (2018) | Article | Cybersecurity | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Ethereum (Prodeum) | ICO scam | Not reported |
Lim et al., Debevoise & Plimpton | (2019) | Report | Law | Court cases | N/A | N/A | Unspecified fraud, ICO fraud | Not reported |
Lucking and Aravind, Allen & Overy LLP | (2019) | Chapter | Law | Court case and anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin | Thief impersonating federal employee, Ponzi scheme, unspecified fraud, pyramid scheme | Not reported |
Mabille, FINATIC | (2020) | Report | FinTech | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin | Price suppression/ manipulation by whales, unspecified fraud, impersonation of celebrities, phishing | Not reported |
Malyshev, et al., Reed Smith | (2018) | Article | Law | Court cases | N/A | Bitcoin | Unspecified fraud and manipulation, 'issuing false account statements in connection with soliciting investments in Bitcoin) | Not reported |
McAvoy et al., Nixon Peabody | (2018) | Article | Law | Court case | N/A | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme | Not reported |
McGuire, Bromium | (2019) | Chapter | Cybersecurity | UK police data | N/A | Monero, Bitcoin | Cryptomining malware, ICO scams, Unspecified fraud | Fully reported |
Musiala, et al., AICPA | (2020) | Report | Accounting | Court cases and anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin, Argyle Coin, PRO Currency, Libra, | Ponzi scheme, securities fraud, ICO scam, embezzlement, phishing, SIM swapping, dusting, mining malware, wire fraud, access device fraud, identity theft, ransomware | Partially reported |
Parisi et al., Shearman & Sterling | (2018) | Article | Law | Court cases and anecdotal evidence | N/A | N/A | Commodity fraud | Not reported |
PYMNTS.com / Tulioo | (2019) | Report | AML | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Ripple, Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Ethereum, Litecoin | Unspecified fraud, phishing and malware, exploiting vulnerabilities (hardware, software, etc.), high yield investment programmes, SIM swapping | Partially reported |
Reik, Sprott Asset Management | (2019) | Article | Financial Services | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin | Unspecified fraud, ICO scams, fake exchanges, | Not reported |
Rochemont, Institute and Faculty of Actuaries | (2020) | Report | Accounting | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin, OneCoin, MingoCoin, DasCoin / GreenPower | Forex scams, Unspecified fraud, Ponzi schemes, cryptojacking, SIM swapping | Not reported |
Shearman & Sterling | (2018) | Article | Law | Court cases | N/A | My Big Coin | Unspecified fraud | Not reported |
Štefanko, ESET | (2018) | Research whitepaper / report | Cybersecurity | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Ethereum, Ada (on Cardano blockchain), Bitcoin, Dash, Litecoin, Dogecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin Gold, Ripple, Monero | Fake cryptocurrency exchange apps/ phishing apps, fake cryptocurrency wallet apps, crypto-mining malware/ cryptojacking, fake crypto miners and free giveaways | Partially reported |
Webroot | (2018) | Whitepaper | Cybersecurity | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Monero, Bitcoin | Cryptojacking, giveaway scams on social media, other crypto scams | Partially reported |
Wright, Duo Security | (2018) | Report | Cybersecurity | Twitter data (used previous study for labelling) | Machine learning algorithms: AdaBoost, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Naïve Bayes | N/A | Crypto giveaway scam | Fully reported |