|
Anderson et al.
|
(2019)
|
Report
|
Computer science
|
Court cases
|
Descriptive statistics
|
Bitcoin, Bitconnect, OneCoin, Monero Tether
|
Fraudulent cryptocoins, Initial Coin Offering (ICO) scams, market manipulation, mining malware, Ponzi schemes
|
Partially reported
|
|
Badawi & Jourdan
|
(2020)
|
Journal Article
|
Engineering
|
Other publications
|
Systematic literature review
|
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero
|
General fraud, high yield investment programmes, pump-and-dumps, mining malware, phishing
|
Partially reported
|
|
Badawi et al.
|
(2020)
|
Conference Paper
|
Engineering
|
Scam addresses
|
Transaction analysis
|
Bitcoin
|
Mining scam
|
Fully reported
|
|
Barnes
|
(2018)
|
Conference paper
|
Accounting & finance
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Tether
|
ICO frauds, market manipulation, pump-and-dump schemes
|
Partially reported
|
|
Bartoletti et al.
|
(2018)
|
Conference paper
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Machine learning algorithm
|
Bitcoin
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Bartoletti et al.
|
(2017)
|
Electronic pre-prints
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Quantitative & qualitative analysis
|
Ethereum
|
Smart Ponzi schemes
|
Fully reported
|
|
Baum
|
(2018)
|
Thesis
|
Accounting & Finance
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Billion coin, Bitcoin, Bitconnect, Bitfinex, Diamond Reserve Club, Ethereum, Giza, LoopX, Opair, PlexCoin, PonziCoin, REcoin, Tether
|
Exit scheme during or after ICO, fake ICO scheme, Ponzi schemes, pump-and-dump schemes
|
Fully reported
|
|
Boshmaf et al.
|
(2019)
|
Conference Paper
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
BlockTag which uses vertical crawlers and clustering
|
Bitcoin
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Partially reported
|
|
Boshmaf et al.
|
(2020)
|
Conference Paper
|
Computer Science
|
User and service data
|
Linking accounts, and calculating monetary flows
|
Bitcoin but can be used on Litecoin, Namecoin, and Zcash and Others; MMM Ponzi scheme
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Partially reported
|
|
Chen et al.
|
(2020b)
|
Conference Paper
|
Computer science
|
Smart contracts
|
Machine learning model, LightGBM
|
Ethereum
|
Smart contracts honeypots
|
Fully reported
|
|
Chen et al.
|
(2020a)
|
Conference Paper
|
Computer science
|
Transaction records
|
Graph-based cascade feature extraction and lightGBM, a 'Dual-sampling Ensemble algorithm’
|
Ethereum
|
Phishing
|
Fully reported
|
|
Chen et al.
|
(2019a)
|
Conference paper
|
Accounting & finance; computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Singular value decomposition
|
Bitcoin
|
Market manipulation
|
Not reported
|
|
Chen et al.
|
(2019b)
|
Conference paper
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Improved Apriori Algorithm
|
Bitcoin
|
Pump-and-dump scheme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Chen et al.
|
(2018a)
|
Conference paper
|
Economics
|
Accounts and operation codes
|
Classification model
|
Ethereum
|
Smart Ponzi scheme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Chen et al.
|
(2019d)
|
Journal article
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data and operation codes
|
Classification model
|
Ethereum
|
Smart Ponzi scheme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Conley et al.
|
(2015)
|
Report
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Mining malware
|
Not reported
|
|
Crowley
|
(2018)
|
Thesis
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Not reported
|
|
Dubois
|
(2019)
|
Thesis
|
Forensic & applied sciences
|
Survey
|
Statistical analysis and thematic, qualitative analysis
|
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin, Ripple, Dash, EOS, Dogecoin, Zcash, Cardano, Stellar, NEO, Scotcoin, Bitcoin Gold, Populous
|
General fraud
|
Fully reported
|
|
Duff et al.
|
(2018)
|
Report
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
AriseCoin, ATM Coin, Bitcoin, Bitshares, BitUSD, CTR Tokens, Dogecoin, Litecoin, My Big Coin, REcoin
|
ICO scams
|
Not reported
|
|
Eastham
|
(2020)
|
Journal Article
|
Law
|
Anecdotal evidence
|
N/A
|
Tezos ICO
|
ICO scam
|
Not reported
|
|
Gandal et al.
|
(2018)
|
Journal article
|
Economics
|
Transaction data
|
Regression analysis
|
Bitcoin
|
Price manipulation
|
Not reported
|
|
Gao et al.
|
(2020)
|
Electronic pre-print
|
Computer science
|
Advertisements
|
Descriptive, lexical, popularity, and graphical analysis of creators and token holders; computational detection of airdrop scams
|
Ethereum
|
Counterfeit currency, airdrop scam, arbitrage scam
|
Fully reported
|
|
Hays
|
(2018)
|
Report
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Ponzi scheme, market manipulation
|
Not reported
|
|
Henning
|
(2019)
|
Thesis / Electronic Pre-Print
|
Law
|
Court cases
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin, Libra, Dash, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash, NEO, BLV (Blockvest) Token, Argyle Coin, OneCoin, My Big Coins, PayCoin, Ethereum, Kin tokens, Grams
|
Wire fraud, securities fraud, Ponzi scheme, ICO scam, general fraud
|
Partially reported
|
|
Jiaying
|
(2020)
|
Electronic pre-print
|
Law
|
Case study
|
N/A
|
Ethereum, Qtum
|
ICO scams, pyramid schemes
|
Fully reported
|
|
Jung et al.
|
(2019)
|
Conference Paper
|
Computer Science, mathematics
|
Addresses
|
Weka, various classification algorithms—J48 decision tree, random forest, stochastic gradient descent
|
Ethereum
|
Ponzi schemes
|
Not reported
|
|
Kethineni et al.
|
(2019)
|
Journal article
|
Law & legal studies
|
News reports & magazines
|
Content analysis
|
Bitcoin, Monero
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Not reported
|
|
Lašas et al.
|
(2020)
|
Conference Paper
|
Mathematics
|
Information from wallets and transactions
|
K-means clustering, SVM, random forest classifier
|
Ethereum
|
General fraud
|
Not reported
|
|
Liu et al.
|
(2020)
|
Electronic pre-print
|
Media and communications, computer science, engineering
|
Other literature, anecdotal evidence
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dogecoin, Zerocash, Monero, Zerocoin, Zcash, Dash, Cryptonote, Bytecoin, DigitalNote, Namecoin, Huntercoin, Myriadcoin, Unobtanium
|
Ponzi scheme, market manipulation, phishing, unspecified fraud
|
Partially reported
|
|
Murko & Vrhovec
|
(2019)
|
Conference Paper
|
Criminal justice and security
|
Online surveys
|
Statistical analyses
|
Bitcoin
|
Exchange scams, wallet scams, Ponzi scheme, mining scams
|
Fully reported
|
|
Murphy et al.
|
(2015)
|
Report
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Not reported
|
|
Najmy
|
(2019)
|
Journal Article
|
Law
|
Anecdotal evidence
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
ICO scam
|
Fully reported
|
|
Navarro
|
(2019)
|
Thesis
|
Financial crime and compliance
|
Anecdotal evidence
|
N/A
|
Blockvest, BtCrush, Bitcoin, Etherum, Ringgold
|
Identity theft, phishing, romance scams, ICO scams
|
Fully reported
|
|
Ngai
|
(2014)
|
Thesis
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Pump-and-dump scheme
|
Not reported
|
|
Nilsen
|
(2019)
|
Thesis
|
Computer science
|
Exchange data
|
Anomaly detection algorithm (Limelight)
|
GXS, Ethereum, Bitcoin, and various others (280 total anomalies detected for coins paired with BTC, some not specifically mentioned in paper)
|
Pump-and-dumps
|
Fully reported
|
|
Phan et al.
|
(2019)
|
Journal Article
|
Computer science
|
Tweets
|
Descriptive analysis, sentiment analysis, influence analysis
|
Bitcoin, Pincoin, Arisebank, Savedroid
|
Ponzi scheme, ICO scams, smart contract attacks, selfish mining
|
Fully reported
|
|
Phillips and Wilder
|
(2020)
|
Electronic pre-print (Conference Paper)
|
Computer science
|
Scam websites
|
DBSCAN clustering
|
Bitcoin and Ethereum
|
Advance fee fraud, phishing
|
Fully reported
|
|
Podgor
|
(2019)
|
Electronic pre-print
|
Law
|
Court case
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin, Etherum, ReCoin, Diamond
|
Securities fraud, unspecified fraud
|
Not reported
|
|
Pryzmont
|
(2016)
|
Thesis
|
Business
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Fraudulent exchanges (service scam), Ponzi scheme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Reddy, et al.
|
(2018)
|
Journal article
|
Criminology
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Rognone et al.
|
(2020)
|
Journal Article
|
Business
|
Trading data, RavenPack News Analytics
|
VAR-X model
|
Bitcoin
|
General fraud
|
Not reported
|
|
Samsudeen, et al.
|
(2019)
|
Journal article
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Fake agencies, scams involving exchanges
|
Fully reported
|
|
Șcheau et al.
|
(2020)
|
Journal article
|
Computer science; economics
|
Anecdotal evidence
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin, Pincoin, Plexcoin, IBCoin, Nelunx, Ruby-X, EOS, XRP, Ethereum, Litecoin, BitcoinCash, PlusToken
|
ICO Scams, unspecified fraud, imposter websites/apps, email scams, fake currencies, phishing, high yield investment programme, wash trading, fake wallets
|
Not reported
|
|
Semenihin, et al.
|
(2018)
|
Conference paper
|
Accounting & finance; law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Cheating with electronic mailings, deception with cryptocurrency wallets, false ICO, non-real cryptocurrencies exchange stock
|
Not reported
|
|
Sureshbhai et al.
|
(2020)
|
Conference Paper
|
Computer science
|
Elliptic dataset
|
Sentiment analysis, long-short term memory classifier
|
Bitcoin
|
General fraud
|
Not reported
|
|
Torres, et al.
|
(2019)
|
Electronic pre-print
|
Computer science
|
Smart contracts
|
Systematic analysis
|
Ethereum
|
Honeypot
|
Fully reported
|
|
Toyoda et al.
|
(2019a)
|
Journal Article
|
Computer science
|
Bitcoin addresses
|
Supervised machine learning classifier
|
Bitcoin
|
High yield investment programme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Toyoda, et al.
|
(2018)
|
Conference paper
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Transaction history summarization
|
Bitcoin
|
High yield investment programme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Toyoda, et al.
|
(2019b)
|
Conference paper
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Time series analysis
|
Bitcoin
|
High yield investment programme
|
Fully reported
|
|
Toyoda, et al.
|
(2017)
|
Conference paper
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Transactions pattern analysis
|
Bitcoin
|
High yield investment programme
|
Fully reported
|
|
ur Rehman et al.
|
(2020)
|
Journal Article
|
Computer science
|
Other literature
|
Systematic literature review
|
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash, EOS, Stellar, Litecoin, Tether, Bitcoin SV, Tron, Zcash, Monero, Dash
|
Market manipulation, insider trading, ICO scams, pump-and-dumps
|
Partially reported
|
|
Vasek
|
(2017)
|
Thesis
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Descriptive analysis
|
Bitcoin
|
Exchange scam, high yield investment programme, mining scam, scam wallet
|
Fully reported
|
|
Vasek, et al.
|
(2015)
|
Conference paper
|
Computer science
|
Transaction data
|
Descriptive analysis
|
Bitcoin
|
Exchange scam, high yield investment programme, mining scam, scam wallet
|
Fully reported
|
|
Vasek, et al.
|
(2018)
|
Conference paper
|
Computer science
|
Scammer and victim interactions
|
Survival analysis
|
Bitcoin
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Not reported
|
|
Vrazel
|
(2019)
|
Journal Article
|
Law
|
Anecdotal evidence
|
N/A
|
Denaro, Pluto Coin, LoopX, PlexCorps
|
ICO scams, phishing
|
Not reported
|
|
Waxenbaum
|
(2019)
|
Electronic pre-prints
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
AriseCoin, Bitcoin, Bitshares, BitUSD, Dogecoin, Etherium, Litecoin
|
Fraudulent ICO
|
Not reported
|
|
Weber et al.
|
(2020)
|
Conference Paper
|
Computer science
|
Case studies
|
N/A
|
Red Pulse Token, Bee Token, Minerium Token
|
Social engineering (highly focused on phishing, but also includes pretexting, baiting), smart contract honeypots
|
Partially reported
|
|
Wu et al
|
(2020)
|
Journal Article
|
Computer Science
|
Phishing addresses
|
trans2vec network embedding algorithm, one-class SVM
|
Ethereum
|
Phishing, ICO scams
|
Fully reported
|
|
Xia et al.
|
(2020b)
|
Journal Article
|
Computer science
|
Scam domains and fake apps
|
Analysis of landing page source code and screenshots, VirusTotal labelling, Google Cloud Natural Language API, Vision API, descriptive analysis, clustering, monetary flows analysis
|
Not specified
|
Exchange scams
|
Partially reported
|
|
Xia et al.
|
(2020a)
|
Electronic pre-print
|
Computer science
|
Scams
|
Descriptive statistics and analysis, transaction analysis
|
CoronaCoin, COVID19 Coin,
|
ICO scams, giveaway scams, blackmail scams, malware scams, Ponzi scheme, donation scams
|
Partially reported
|
|
Xie
|
(2019)
|
Journal article
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Ponzi scheme
|
Not reported
|
|
Yuan et al.
|
(2020)
|
Conference Paper
|
Computer science
|
Phishing addresses and transaction data
|
Network embedding method node2vec and SVM classifier
|
Ethereum
|
Phishing scams
|
Fully reported
|
|
Zetzsche, et al.
|
(2017)
|
Report
|
Law & legal studies
|
Anecdotes
|
N/A
|
Bitcoin
|
Fraudulent ICO, Ponzi scheme
|
Not reported
|
