Table 3 Academic papers included in this scoping review
Author | Date | Publication Type | Scientific Discipline | Data | Data Analysis Method | Cryptocurrency Technology | Fraud Types | Fraud Definitions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anderson et al. | (2019) | Report | Computer science | Court cases | Descriptive statistics | Bitcoin, Bitconnect, OneCoin, Monero Tether | Fraudulent cryptocoins, Initial Coin Offering (ICO) scams, market manipulation, mining malware, Ponzi schemes | Partially reported | |
Badawi & Jourdan | (2020) | Journal Article | Engineering | Other publications | Systematic literature review | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero | General fraud, high yield investment programmes, pump-and-dumps, mining malware, phishing | Partially reported | |
Badawi et al. | (2020) | Conference Paper | Engineering | Scam addresses | Transaction analysis | Bitcoin | Mining scam | Fully reported | |
Barnes | (2018) | Conference paper | Accounting & finance | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Tether | ICO frauds, market manipulation, pump-and-dump schemes | Partially reported | |
Bartoletti et al. | (2018) | Conference paper | Computer science | Transaction data | Machine learning algorithm | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme | Fully reported | |
Bartoletti et al. | (2017) | Electronic pre-prints | Computer science | Transaction data | Quantitative & qualitative analysis | Ethereum | Smart Ponzi schemes | Fully reported | |
Baum | (2018) | Thesis | Accounting & Finance | Anecdotes | N/A | Billion coin, Bitcoin, Bitconnect, Bitfinex, Diamond Reserve Club, Ethereum, Giza, LoopX, Opair, PlexCoin, PonziCoin, REcoin, Tether | Exit scheme during or after ICO, fake ICO scheme, Ponzi schemes, pump-and-dump schemes | Fully reported | |
Boshmaf et al. | (2019) | Conference Paper | Computer science | Transaction data | BlockTag which uses vertical crawlers and clustering | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme | Partially reported | |
Boshmaf et al. | (2020) | Conference Paper | Computer Science | User and service data | Linking accounts, and calculating monetary flows | Bitcoin but can be used on Litecoin, Namecoin, and Zcash and Others; MMM Ponzi scheme | Ponzi scheme | Partially reported | |
Chen et al. | (2020b) | Conference Paper | Computer science | Smart contracts | Machine learning model, LightGBM | Ethereum | Smart contracts honeypots | Fully reported | |
Chen et al. | (2020a) | Conference Paper | Computer science | Transaction records | Graph-based cascade feature extraction and lightGBM, a 'Dual-sampling Ensemble algorithm’ | Ethereum | Phishing | Fully reported | |
Chen et al. | (2019a) | Conference paper | Accounting & finance; computer science | Transaction data | Singular value decomposition | Bitcoin | Market manipulation | Not reported | |
Chen et al. | (2019b) | Conference paper | Computer science | Transaction data | Improved Apriori Algorithm | Bitcoin | Pump-and-dump scheme | Fully reported | |
Chen et al. | (2018a) | Conference paper | Economics | Accounts and operation codes | Classification model | Ethereum | Smart Ponzi scheme | Fully reported | |
Chen et al. | (2019d) | Journal article | Computer science | Transaction data and operation codes | Classification model | Ethereum | Smart Ponzi scheme | Fully reported | |
Conley et al. | (2015) | Report | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Mining malware | Not reported | |
Crowley | (2018) | Thesis | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme | Not reported | |
Dubois | (2019) | Thesis | Forensic & applied sciences | Survey | Statistical analysis and thematic, qualitative analysis | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin, Ripple, Dash, EOS, Dogecoin, Zcash, Cardano, Stellar, NEO, Scotcoin, Bitcoin Gold, Populous | General fraud | Fully reported | |
Duff et al. | (2018) | Report | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | AriseCoin, ATM Coin, Bitcoin, Bitshares, BitUSD, CTR Tokens, Dogecoin, Litecoin, My Big Coin, REcoin | ICO scams | Not reported | |
Eastham | (2020) | Journal Article | Law | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Tezos ICO | ICO scam | Not reported | |
Gandal et al. | (2018) | Journal article | Economics | Transaction data | Regression analysis | Bitcoin | Price manipulation | Not reported | |
Gao et al. | (2020) | Electronic pre-print | Computer science | Advertisements | Descriptive, lexical, popularity, and graphical analysis of creators and token holders; computational detection of airdrop scams | Ethereum | Counterfeit currency, airdrop scam, arbitrage scam | Fully reported | |
Hays | (2018) | Report | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme, market manipulation | Not reported | |
Henning | (2019) | Thesis / Electronic Pre-Print | Law | Court cases | N/A | Bitcoin, Libra, Dash, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash, NEO, BLV (Blockvest) Token, Argyle Coin, OneCoin, My Big Coins, PayCoin, Ethereum, Kin tokens, Grams | Wire fraud, securities fraud, Ponzi scheme, ICO scam, general fraud | Partially reported | |
Jiaying | (2020) | Electronic pre-print | Law | Case study | N/A | Ethereum, Qtum | ICO scams, pyramid schemes | Fully reported | |
Jung et al. | (2019) | Conference Paper | Computer Science, mathematics | Addresses | Weka, various classification algorithms—J48 decision tree, random forest, stochastic gradient descent | Ethereum | Ponzi schemes | Not reported | |
Kethineni et al. | (2019) | Journal article | Law & legal studies | News reports & magazines | Content analysis | Bitcoin, Monero | Ponzi scheme | Not reported | |
Lašas et al. | (2020) | Conference Paper | Mathematics | Information from wallets and transactions | K-means clustering, SVM, random forest classifier | Ethereum | General fraud | Not reported | |
Liu et al. | (2020) | Electronic pre-print | Media and communications, computer science, engineering | Other literature, anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dogecoin, Zerocash, Monero, Zerocoin, Zcash, Dash, Cryptonote, Bytecoin, DigitalNote, Namecoin, Huntercoin, Myriadcoin, Unobtanium | Ponzi scheme, market manipulation, phishing, unspecified fraud | Partially reported | |
Murko & Vrhovec | (2019) | Conference Paper | Criminal justice and security | Online surveys | Statistical analyses | Bitcoin | Exchange scams, wallet scams, Ponzi scheme, mining scams | Fully reported | |
Murphy et al. | (2015) | Report | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme | Not reported | |
Najmy | (2019) | Journal Article | Law | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin | ICO scam | Fully reported | |
Navarro | (2019) | Thesis | Financial crime and compliance | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Blockvest, BtCrush, Bitcoin, Etherum, Ringgold | Identity theft, phishing, romance scams, ICO scams | Fully reported | |
Ngai | (2014) | Thesis | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Pump-and-dump scheme | Not reported | |
Nilsen | (2019) | Thesis | Computer science | Exchange data | Anomaly detection algorithm (Limelight) | GXS, Ethereum, Bitcoin, and various others (280 total anomalies detected for coins paired with BTC, some not specifically mentioned in paper) | Pump-and-dumps | Fully reported | |
Phan et al. | (2019) | Journal Article | Computer science | Tweets | Descriptive analysis, sentiment analysis, influence analysis | Bitcoin, Pincoin, Arisebank, Savedroid | Ponzi scheme, ICO scams, smart contract attacks, selfish mining | Fully reported | |
Phillips and Wilder | (2020) | Electronic pre-print (Conference Paper) | Computer science | Scam websites | DBSCAN clustering | Bitcoin and Ethereum | Advance fee fraud, phishing | Fully reported | |
Podgor | (2019) | Electronic pre-print | Law | Court case | N/A | Bitcoin, Etherum, ReCoin, Diamond | Securities fraud, unspecified fraud | Not reported | |
Pryzmont | (2016) | Thesis | Business | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Fraudulent exchanges (service scam), Ponzi scheme | Fully reported | |
Reddy, et al. | (2018) | Journal article | Criminology | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme | Fully reported | |
Rognone et al. | (2020) | Journal Article | Business | Trading data, RavenPack News Analytics | VAR-X model | Bitcoin | General fraud | Not reported | |
Samsudeen, et al. | (2019) | Journal article | Computer science | Transaction data | N/A | Bitcoin | Fake agencies, scams involving exchanges | Fully reported | |
Șcheau et al. | (2020) | Journal article | Computer science; economics | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Bitcoin, Pincoin, Plexcoin, IBCoin, Nelunx, Ruby-X, EOS, XRP, Ethereum, Litecoin, BitcoinCash, PlusToken | ICO Scams, unspecified fraud, imposter websites/apps, email scams, fake currencies, phishing, high yield investment programme, wash trading, fake wallets | Not reported | |
Semenihin, et al. | (2018) | Conference paper | Accounting & finance; law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Cheating with electronic mailings, deception with cryptocurrency wallets, false ICO, non-real cryptocurrencies exchange stock | Not reported | |
Sureshbhai et al. | (2020) | Conference Paper | Computer science | Elliptic dataset | Sentiment analysis, long-short term memory classifier | Bitcoin | General fraud | Not reported | |
Torres, et al. | (2019) | Electronic pre-print | Computer science | Smart contracts | Systematic analysis | Ethereum | Honeypot | Fully reported | |
Toyoda et al. | (2019a) | Journal Article | Computer science | Bitcoin addresses | Supervised machine learning classifier | Bitcoin | High yield investment programme | Fully reported | |
Toyoda, et al. | (2018) | Conference paper | Computer science | Transaction data | Transaction history summarization | Bitcoin | High yield investment programme | Fully reported | |
Toyoda, et al. | (2019b) | Conference paper | Computer science | Transaction data | Time series analysis | Bitcoin | High yield investment programme | Fully reported | |
Toyoda, et al. | (2017) | Conference paper | Computer science | Transaction data | Transactions pattern analysis | Bitcoin | High yield investment programme | Fully reported | |
ur Rehman et al. | (2020) | Journal Article | Computer science | Other literature | Systematic literature review | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash, EOS, Stellar, Litecoin, Tether, Bitcoin SV, Tron, Zcash, Monero, Dash | Market manipulation, insider trading, ICO scams, pump-and-dumps | Partially reported | |
Vasek | (2017) | Thesis | Computer science | Transaction data | Descriptive analysis | Bitcoin | Exchange scam, high yield investment programme, mining scam, scam wallet | Fully reported | |
Vasek, et al. | (2015) | Conference paper | Computer science | Transaction data | Descriptive analysis | Bitcoin | Exchange scam, high yield investment programme, mining scam, scam wallet | Fully reported | |
Vasek, et al. | (2018) | Conference paper | Computer science | Scammer and victim interactions | Survival analysis | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme | Not reported | |
Vrazel | (2019) | Journal Article | Law | Anecdotal evidence | N/A | Denaro, Pluto Coin, LoopX, PlexCorps | ICO scams, phishing | Not reported | |
Waxenbaum | (2019) | Electronic pre-prints | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | AriseCoin, Bitcoin, Bitshares, BitUSD, Dogecoin, Etherium, Litecoin | Fraudulent ICO | Not reported | |
Weber et al. | (2020) | Conference Paper | Computer science | Case studies | N/A | Red Pulse Token, Bee Token, Minerium Token | Social engineering (highly focused on phishing, but also includes pretexting, baiting), smart contract honeypots | Partially reported | |
Wu et al | (2020) | Journal Article | Computer Science | Phishing addresses | trans2vec network embedding algorithm, one-class SVM | Ethereum | Phishing, ICO scams | Fully reported | |
Xia et al. | (2020b) | Journal Article | Computer science | Scam domains and fake apps | Analysis of landing page source code and screenshots, VirusTotal labelling, Google Cloud Natural Language API, Vision API, descriptive analysis, clustering, monetary flows analysis | Not specified | Exchange scams | Partially reported | |
Xia et al. | (2020a) | Electronic pre-print | Computer science | Scams | Descriptive statistics and analysis, transaction analysis | CoronaCoin, COVID19 Coin, | ICO scams, giveaway scams, blackmail scams, malware scams, Ponzi scheme, donation scams | Partially reported | |
Xie | (2019) | Journal article | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Ponzi scheme | Not reported | |
Yuan et al. | (2020) | Conference Paper | Computer science | Phishing addresses and transaction data | Network embedding method node2vec and SVM classifier | Ethereum | Phishing scams | Fully reported | |
Zetzsche, et al. | (2017) | Report | Law & legal studies | Anecdotes | N/A | Bitcoin | Fraudulent ICO, Ponzi scheme | Not reported | |