Table 2 Prevalence and severity of youth criminogenic risk factors among violent offenders and nonviolent offenders

Property offense, ever

0–1

n/a

n/a

Violent offense, ever

0–1

n/a

n/a

Sexual offense, ever

0–1

n/a

n/a

Arson, ever

0–1

n/a

n/a

Offenses: mainly solo (0) or in a group (1)

0–1

n/a

n/a

Age of first nonviolent offense

6–17

7–17

Age of first violent behavior

4–19

6–18

Out of home placement (due to self)

0–1

n/a

22.8

1

n/a

22.8

–

Out of home placement (due to parents)

0–1

n/a

10.3

1

n/a

7.5

–

Early age of onset of problem behavior

0–2

53.5

46.5

2

65.8

30.0

1

Availability and accessibility of parents

0–2

46.2

23.4

1

53.6

17.9

6

Adoption problems

0–2

2.1

0.7

–

5.0

0.4

1

Peer rejection

0–2

24.3

7.4

10

25.5

6.6

29

(inconsistent) Parenting skills

0–2

35.0

59.3

6

42.3

42.7

14

Authority problems

0–2

41.3

46.9

3

45.6

36.0

13

Involvement with criminal peers

0–2

42.7

54.5

3

42.2

17.4

23

Criminal family members

0–2

13.9

54.0

9

11.1

20.8

25

Physical abuse by parents

0–2

22.8

23.6

19

22.3

21.8

35

Physical abuse by others

0–2

13.5

4.3

5

19.2

6.8

7

Neglect

0–2

24.1

11.7

9

19.9

7.5

15

Sexual abuse by parents

0–2

–

–

4

–

0.8

4

Sexual abuse by others

0–2

2.8

1.4

4

0.8

1.7

4

Domestic violence

0–2

15.2

25.9

36

8.5

25.5

41

History of prior youth care

0–2

15.9

80.7

1

17.0

77.6

–

Dysfunctional family (disrupted hierarchy)

0–2

25.0

25.0

6

13.1

12.6

19

Escalating family situations

0–2

11.4

7.6

14

12.3

6.1

13

Truancy/school drop-out

0–2

24.1

60.3

5

19.7

66.7

7

Parental substance abuse

0–2

6.0

15.0

13

11.3

18.9

29

Parental mental health problems

0–2

12.9

9.7

22

16.4

13.5

34

Parental somatic problems

0–1

n/a

47.4

32

n/a

28.1

24

Learning problems

0–2

24.5

4.3

7

19.6

4.6

22

Threat to end up in prostitution

0–2

1.4

–

–

0.4

–

3

Avoiding supervision/escape

0–2

77.2

5.5

1

57.9

1.3

6

During medicine abstinence/psychosis

0–2

0.7

0.7

–

–

Under influence of alcohol

0–1

n/a

38.0

n/a

12.8

Under influence of drugs

0–1

n/a

36.6

n/a

9.3

Against familiar person

0–2

25.0

7.9

13.0

8.0

Sexually related, in search of a victim

0–2

0.7

–

–

–

Lack of empathy

0–2

Impaired conscience development

0–2

Ego-strength/susceptible (to peers)

0–2

Low impulse control

0–2

Lack of problem awareness/problem insight

0–2

Total IQ

54–121

96

82.4 (13.8)

50

131

51–129

87.2 (13.5)

110

6.93

.009

Addiction problems: gambling

0–2

0.8

1.3

0.4

Addiction problems: alcohol

0–2

5.5

19.2

4.6

Addiction problems: drugs

0–2

12.7

46.8

13.0

ADHD/hyperactivity

0–2

7.8

7.2

6.3

Anxiety disorder

0–2

1.4

5.6

1.7

Depressive disorder

0–2

0.7

18.0

7.2

Neurological problems

0–2

–

3.6

0.4

Development personality disorder type B

0–2

46.3

27.9

14.9

Feelings of hostility/agressiveness

0–2

–

0.9

0.4

Autism spectrum disorder

0–2

0.7

2.6

2.6

Psychotic symptoms

0–2

0.7

1.3

2.1

Sadism

0–2

–

0.8

0.4

Sexually deviant behavior

0–2

2.8

3.1

1.3

Pedosexual behavior

0–2

–

–

–

–

Negative affect/attitude

0–2

Emotional support

0–2

Total social network

0–2

Secundary social network

0–2

Social skills

0–2