Table 4 Firth’s logistic regression model for socio-economic variables (D.V. is “Presence of significant crime reduction”—CR = 1)

Crowded housing (%)

1.204

(0.148)

0.923

(0.146)

1.140

(0.135)

0.755

(0.175)

Vacant housing (%)

0.967

(0.099)

0.905

(0.102)

1.318***

(0.127)

0.954

(0.104)

Income diversity

0.810*

(0.094)

1.446**

(0.246)

1.270***

(0.133)

0.744**

(0.081)

Poverty rate

0.833**

(0.055)

1.066

(0.060)

1.083

(0.055)

0.976

(0.061)

Total population (\(\backslash 1000\))

1.039**

(0.016)

1.039***

(0.015)

1.032**

(0.014)

1.056***

(0.019)

Burglary rate 2019 (per 10k in.)

1.030

(0.024)

Assault rate 2019 (per 10k in.)

1.029**

(0.013)

Narcotics rate 2019 (per 10k in.)

1.003

(0.006)

Robbery rate 2019 (per 10k in.)

1.013

(0.012)

Intercept

3.10e+4

(2.33e+5)

0.000**

(0.000)

0.000*

(0.000)

4.35e+5

(3.02e+6)

N

77

77

77

77

Chⁱ²

8.384

10.066

17.579

13.459

p

0.211

0.122

0.007

0.036