Too far for comfort? Situational access to emergency medical care and violent assault lethality

Crime Science

Table 3 Logistic regression of access to emergency medical care and other situational factors on offence outcome (i.e., fatal vs. non-fatal; N = 1512 victims)

Variable	OR	Z
Reporting time window greater than 1 h	2.325	5.34***
Distance to ambulance station (miles)	0.982	− 0.20
Distance to emergency dept. (miles)	0.948	− 0.88
Single-victim event	5.596	10.36***
Location of assault^a
Indoors, public	1.140	0.65
Indoors, private	1.407	2.40*
Night-time (8.00 p.m.–7.59 a.m.)	1.239	1.69
Weapon used^a
Firearm	0.082	− 9.11***
Sharp instrument	0.297	− 4.92***
Blunt instrument	0.409	− 2.72**
Other weapon	0.505	− 1.67
More than one weapon type	0.315	− 3.03**
Age (years)	1.009	1.87
Male	1.617	2.96**
Race^a
Black	1.655	3.14**
Other	1.006	0.04
(df) Likelihood-ratio χ²	(16)	463.67***
McFadden pseudo-ρ²	0.221
McFadden adjusted pseudo-ρ²	0.205

OR odds ratio
^aReference categories were “outdoors” for “Location type” variable, “no weapon” for “Weapon used” variable, and “white” for “Race” variable. Constant terms have been omitted from this display
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001

ISSN: 2193-7680