Fig. 9

The distribution of in- and out-degree for Hollenbeck gangs superimposed upon 5000 simulated gang communities. a The competitive hierarchy is randomized in each simulation and the expected in- and out-degree at equilibrium is computed for each gang. Change in the rank position of a gang causes it to shift in- and out-degree, but the gangs remain distributed in order of their territory size. b The competitive hierarchy is randomized and then activity cessation rates over a range 0.3–0.8 are assigned randomly to each gang. In- and out-degree display more range over simulated communities, but not enough to explain the inversions in territory sizes. Simulation results are scaled so that observed and expected in- and out-degree for El Sereno intersect. Gangs: Clover (CL); Cuatro Flats (CF); Eastlake (EL); El Sereno (ES); Primera Flats (PF); Tiny Boys (TB); White Fence (WF)