Fig. 5

The expected in- and out-degree for ten gangs arranged in a competitive hierarchy. Gangs located below the diagonal are net importers of violence. Gangs located above the diagonal are net exporters of violence. Red points are for gangs where the equilibrium territory proportion decreases with decreasing rank. Blue points form a trajectory along which a gang’s in- and out-degree changes as rank in the competitive hierarchy changes. a Inferior gangs persist because of higher activity spread rates. b Inferior gangs persist because of lower activity cessation rates. Trajectories are generated in via simulations that randomly assign gangs to different rank positions