Fig. 1

Dynamics of competition with two gangs with inability to displace their rival. a Two gangs with equal activity spread rates \(c = 0.6\) and equal activity cessation rates \(m = 0.1\). The two gangs control equal proportions of the environment at equilibrium \(p = 0.42\). b Two gangs with equal inability to displace, but different activity spread and cessation rates. The two gangs control different, but stable proportions of the environment at equilibrium. c Two gangs with equal inability to displace, but different activity spread and cessation rates. In this case, gang 2 is competitively excluded while gang 1 controls exactly \(\widehat{p}_{1} = 0.5\) of the environment