From: Searching for safety: crime prevention in the era of Google
State | Target hardening | Surveillance | Formal social control | Informal social control | Average | Total crime reduction | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | z-score | Rank | z-score | Rank | z-score | Rank | z-score | Rank | z-score | ||
Alabama | H | 0.31 | H | 0.89 | M | − 0.22 | M | 0.36 | H | 0.34 | − 868.8 |
Alaska | M | − 0.03 | M | − 0.34 | H | 0.62 | H | 0.51 | M | 0.19 | − 1001.6 |
Arizona | H | 1.72 | H | 1.09 | H | 1.19 | H | 0.48 | H | 1.12 | − 2436.5 |
Arkansas | H | 0.32 | H | 0.49 | L | − 0.57 | M | − 0.26 | M | 0 | − 294.4 |
California | H | 0.5 | H | 0.41 | H | 1.84 | H | 0.99 | H | 0.94 | − 985.3 |
Colorado | M | 0.21 | M | 0.08 | H | 0.9 | M | 0.36 | H | 0.39 | − 1421.5 |
Connecticut | M | − 0.13 | M | − 0.21 | L | − 0.78 | L | − 0.68 | L | − 0.45 | − 746.1 |
Delaware | M | 0.03 | M | 0.02 | M | − 0.03 | L | − 0.55 | M | − 0.13 | − 433.3 |
Florida | H | 1.07 | H | 0.96 | H | 0.77 | H | 0.51 | H | 0.83 | − 1041.8 |
Georgia | H | 0.27 | H | 0.74 | H | 0.67 | H | 0.72 | H | 0.6 | − 978.5 |
Hawaii | H | 0.78 | H | 0.91 | H | 0.43 | H | 0.77 | H | 0.72 | − 2224.6 |
Idaho | L | − 0.51 | L | − 0.76 | M | − 0.12 | L | − 0.57 | L | − 0.49 | − 1074.3 |
Illinois | M | − 0.31 | M | − 0.17 | H | 0.2 | H | 0.55 | M | 0.07 | − 1212 |
Indiana | L | − 0.38 | M | 0.29 | M | 0.07 | H | 1.15 | H | 0.28 | − 706.3 |
Iowa | L | − 0.88 | L | − 0.81 | L | − 0.91 | L | − 0.94 | L | − 0.89 | − 882.2 |
Kansas | L | − 0.82 | L | − 0.34 | L | − 0.58 | L | − 0.85 | L | − 0.65 | − 1275.2 |
Kentucky | M | − 0.07 | M | 0.11 | M | − 0.08 | M | − 0.24 | M | − 0.07 | − 263.2 |
Louisiana | H | 0.26 | H | 0.86 | H | 0.5 | H | 0.49 | H | 0.53 | − 851.7 |
Maine | L | − 0.85 | L | − 0.96 | L | − 0.98 | L | − 1.09 | L | − 0.97 | − 463.8 |
Maryland | H | 0.5 | H | 0.83 | H | 1.14 | H | 0.54 | H | 0.75 | − 1291.6 |
Massachusetts | L | − 0.66 | M | − 0.3 | L | − 0.48 | L | − 0.4 | L | − 0.46 | − 705.7 |
Michigan | L | − 0.39 | M | − 0.21 | M | − 0.08 | M | 0.06 | M | − 0.16 | − 1234.7 |
Minnesota | L | − 0.67 | L | − 0.38 | M | − 0.11 | H | 0.49 | M | − 0.17 | − 815.8 |
Mississippi | M | 0.06 | M | 0.19 | L | − 0.64 | L | − 0.48 | M | − 0.22 | − 786.1 |
Missouri | M | − 0.29 | M | 0.14 | M | − 0.2 | H | 0.59 | M | 0.06 | − 1177.4 |
Montana | M | − 0.21 | L | − 1.13 | L | − 0.53 | L | − 0.9 | L | − 0.69 | − 623.3 |
Nebraska | L | − 0.69 | L | − 0.42 | M | − 0.27 | L | − 0.56 | L | − 0.49 | − 1228.4 |
Nevada | H | 1.7 | H | 1.16 | H | 2.25 | H | 1.13 | H | 1.56 | − 1661.8 |
New Hampshire | L | − 0.49 | L | − 0.39 | L | − 0.68 | L | − 0.57 | L | − 0.53 | − 90.2 |
New Jersey | M | 0.08 | M | 0.08 | L | − 0.31 | L | − 0.53 | M | − 0.17 | − 815.5 |
New Mexico | H | 1.66 | H | 0.6 | H | 0.77 | M | 0.22 | H | 0.81 | − 546.8 |
New York | H | 0.43 | L | − 0.54 | M | 0.14 | L | − 0.55 | M | − 0.13 | − 530.8 |
North Carolina | M | 0.22 | H | 0.6 | H | 0.18 | M | 0.11 | M | 0.28 | − 1397.8 |
North Dakota | M | − 0.13 | L | − 1 | L | − 1.3 | L | − 1.06 | L | − 0.87 | 0.4 |
Ohio | M | − 0.3 | M | 0.13 | M | − 0.18 | M | − 0.13 | M | − 0.12 | − 851 |
Oklahoma | H | 0.67 | H | 0.95 | H | 0.24 | H | 0.97 | H | 0.71 | − 1321.6 |
Oregon | L | − 1.2 | L | − 0.9 | M | − 0.23 | M | − 0.31 | L | − 0.66 | − 1886.6 |
Pennsylvania | M | − 0.22 | M | − 0.04 | L | − 0.29 | M | − 0.14 | M | − 0.17 | − 498.5 |
Rhode Island | L | − 0.4 | L | − 0.47 | L | − 0.82 | M | − 0.06 | L | − 0.44 | − 821.6 |
South Carolina | H | 0.32 | H | 0.5 | M | 0.18 | H | 0.55 | H | 0.39 | − 1061.4 |
South Dakota | L | − 0.72 | L | − 1.22 | L | − 1.57 | L | − 1 | L | − 1.13 | − 139.5 |
Tennessee | H | 0.63 | H | 0.69 | H | 0.37 | M | 0.39 | H | 0.52 | − 1328.7 |
Texas | H | 0.33 | H | 0.73 | H | 0.97 | H | 0.39 | H | 0.61 | − 1580.5 |
Utah | M | 0.13 | M | − 0.12 | M | 0.14 | M | 0.34 | M | 0.12 | − 1376.6 |
Vermont | L | − 0.78 | L | − 1.25 | L | − 1.37 | L | − 0.83 | L | − 1.06 | − 704.3 |
Virginia | L | − 0.76 | L | − 0.43 | M | − 0.07 | M | − 0.02 | L | − 0.32 | − 791.2 |
Washington | H | 0.52 | H | 0.77 | H | 1.93 | H | 0.84 | H | 1.02 | − 1048.9 |
West Virginia | M | 0.11 | M | − 0.06 | M | − 0.25 | M | 0 | M | − 0.05 | − 304.3 |
Wisconsin | L | − 0.71 | L | − 0.72 | L | − 0.69 | M | − 0.03 | L | − 0.54 | − 792.1 |
Wyoming | L | − 0.51 | L | − 1.22 | L | − 2.93 | L | − 1.18 | L | − 1.46 | − 1350.9 |