Table 1 Using situational crime prevention to reduce wildlife crime
From: Wildlife crime: a conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique
Increase the effort | Increase the risk | Reduce the rewards | Reduce provocations | Remove excuses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Harden target Collars that allow escape from metal snares | 6. Extend guardianship WildScan, a mobile app, to report likely illegally sourced or poached animals in markets “Bush Watch” schemes modeled after Neighborhood Watch programs | 11. Conceal targets Avoid providing location data for potential poachers | 16. Reduce frustration and stress Eco-tourism provides monetary incentives Business alternatives Boost availability of affordable legal fuel wood and introduce sustainable alternatives | 21. Set rules Making locals aware of laws and conservation objectives Require third-party evidence of legal procurement for public timber purchases |
2. Control access to facilities Screening entrance points into PAs Securing rhino horn and elephant ivory stockpiles Docking protocol at ports to check for illegal fishing gear | 7. Assist natural surveillance Monetary rewards for whistleblowers who disclose wildlife law violations Publicize contact information (e.g. “hotline”) for civic reports of wildlife offenses | 12. Remove targets Translocation of species Dehorning Tusk trimming | 17. Avoid disputes Relief schemes to compensate farmers for livestock killed Road mitigation such as guardrail gaps and under/overpasses reduce wildlife-motorist conflict | 22. Post instructions “Protected area” Road signage warning motorists of wildlife crossing zones “Buyer beware” campaigns using billboards and social media to engage the public |
3. Screen exits Departure protocols at ports could include checks for illegal fishing gear License plates recorded upon exit from PAs Manned checkpoints and random investigations on forest area exit roads | 8. Reduce anonymity Ranger IDs GPS devices for rangers and PA visitors so movement can be tracked Log personnel who access data or evidence relating to wildlife investigations | 13. Identify property Branding legally sourced timber Marking antique ivory Identifying “captive-bred” animals as wild-caught based on health, behavior, and blood/stool tests | 18. Reduce emotional arousal Corrals/fences to prevent livestock predation Educate herding communities about best practices | 23. Alert conscience Public awareness campaigns Social marketing campaigns targeted to wildlife consumers and their networks |
4. Deflect offenders Road blockades for car/truck checks along roadways identified as wildlife trafficking routes Automate customs checking systems documentation to reduce corruption | 9. Utilize place managers Trade show officials must report animals (and vendors selling them) identified as protected Provide equipment, training, and mentoring for park guards | 14. Disrupt markets Monitoring markets Increasing the availability/affordability of substitute protein (chicken, fish) Surveillance of internet markets and advertisement websites | 19. Neutralize peer pressure Anti-corruption units and multi-agency taskforces to undermine corruption in police culture Anonymous whistleblowing mechanisms to neutralize peer intimidation and coercion | 24. Assist compliance Accessible factsheets for tourists identifying region-specific illegal wildlife products Plan tour routes and amenities to direct visitors away from at-risk areas |
5. Control tools/weapons Prohibiting the sale of fishing gear prone to by-catch License system for timber processing facilities | 10. Strengthen formal surveillance Alarms in facilities that house ivory/rhino horn stockpiles CITES identification Guides for state customs officials Spatial monitoring and reporting tool (SMART) | 15. Deny benefits Disfiguring the carapaces of ploughshares tortoises Dying rhino horn Increase profitability of sustainable harvest through subsidiaries and tax reductions | 20. Discourage imitation Censure details of modus operandi | 25. Control drugs and alcohol N/A |