Table 1 Using situational crime prevention to reduce wildlife crime
From: Wildlife crime: a conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique
| Increase the effort | Increase the risk | Reduce the rewards | Reduce provocations | Remove excuses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1. Harden target
Collars that allow escape from metal snares |
6. Extend guardianship
WildScan, a mobile app, to report likely illegally sourced or poached animals in markets “Bush Watch” schemes modeled after Neighborhood Watch programs |
11. Conceal targets
Avoid providing location data for potential poachers |
16. Reduce frustration and stress
Eco-tourism provides monetary incentives Business alternatives Boost availability of affordable legal fuel wood and introduce sustainable alternatives |
21. Set rules
Making locals aware of laws and conservation objectives Require third-party evidence of legal procurement for public timber purchases |
|
2. Control access to facilities
Screening entrance points into PAs Securing rhino horn and elephant ivory stockpiles Docking protocol at ports to check for illegal fishing gear |
7. Assist natural surveillance
Monetary rewards for whistleblowers who disclose wildlife law violations Publicize contact information (e.g. “hotline”) for civic reports of wildlife offenses |
12. Remove targets
Translocation of species Dehorning Tusk trimming |
17. Avoid disputes
Relief schemes to compensate farmers for livestock killed Road mitigation such as guardrail gaps and under/overpasses reduce wildlife-motorist conflict |
22. Post instructions
“Protected area” Road signage warning motorists of wildlife crossing zones “Buyer beware” campaigns using billboards and social media to engage the public |
|
3. Screen exits
Departure protocols at ports could include checks for illegal fishing gear License plates recorded upon exit from PAs Manned checkpoints and random investigations on forest area exit roads |
8. Reduce anonymity
Ranger IDs GPS devices for rangers and PA visitors so movement can be tracked Log personnel who access data or evidence relating to wildlife investigations |
13. Identify property
Branding legally sourced timber Marking antique ivory Identifying “captive-bred” animals as wild-caught based on health, behavior, and blood/stool tests |
18. Reduce emotional arousal
Corrals/fences to prevent livestock predation Educate herding communities about best practices |
23. Alert conscience
Public awareness campaigns Social marketing campaigns targeted to wildlife consumers and their networks |
|
4. Deflect offenders
Road blockades for car/truck checks along roadways identified as wildlife trafficking routes Automate customs checking systems documentation to reduce corruption |
9. Utilize place managers
Trade show officials must report animals (and vendors selling them) identified as protected Provide equipment, training, and mentoring for park guards |
14. Disrupt markets
Monitoring markets Increasing the availability/affordability of substitute protein (chicken, fish) Surveillance of internet markets and advertisement websites |
19. Neutralize peer pressure
Anti-corruption units and multi-agency taskforces to undermine corruption in police culture Anonymous whistleblowing mechanisms to neutralize peer intimidation and coercion |
24. Assist compliance
Accessible factsheets for tourists identifying region-specific illegal wildlife products Plan tour routes and amenities to direct visitors away from at-risk areas |
|
5. Control tools/weapons
Prohibiting the sale of fishing gear prone to by-catch License system for timber processing facilities |
10. Strengthen formal surveillance
Alarms in facilities that house ivory/rhino horn stockpiles CITES identification Guides for state customs officials Spatial monitoring and reporting tool (SMART) |
15. Deny benefits
Disfiguring the carapaces of ploughshares tortoises Dying rhino horn Increase profitability of sustainable harvest through subsidiaries and tax reductions |
20. Discourage imitation
Censure details of modus operandi |
25. Control drugs and alcohol
N/A |
