Achieving a consensual definition of phishing based on a systematic review of the literature

Crime Science

Table 2 Concepts used in the phishing definitions: χ ² -tests are used to determine whether the frequency of use of a concept is significantly more or less than 50% of all definitions

Type	Extracted concept	Occurrence (N)	χ ²	p
Asset	Mentioning information*	105	83.27	.00
Actor	Mentions a target*	87	44.61	.00
Activity	Phishing is digital*	87	32.93	.00
Activity	Phishing is Internet-based*	84	26.77	.00
Activity	Using deception*	79	17.92	.00
Activity	Communication from target to offender	64	1.99	.16
Activity	Communication from offender to target	62	1.07	.30
Activity	Phishing is a criminal activity	61	0.72	.40
Activity	Using impersonation	60	0.43	.51
Activity	Phishing uses websites	56	0.01	.93
Activity	Phishing uses messages	51	1.07	.30
Actor	Mentions a trusted third party	50	1.50	.22
Activity	Phishing is fraud*	43	6.45	.01
Actor	Mentions an offender*	40	9.64	.00
Activity	Using persuasion*	30	24.86	.00
Activity	Mentions the later abuse of information*	22	42.13	.00
Activity	Related to identity theft*	20	47.16	.00
Activity	Related to social engineering*	19	49.78	.00

χ²-test with df = 1. N = 113. Boldfaced concepts are included in standard. *p < 0.05.

ISSN: 2193-7680