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Table 3 Types of counterfeiting (Adapted from (Spink, 2009b , Spink, 2007 ))

From: Defining the types of counterfeiters, counterfeiting, and offender organizations

Term

Definition

Adulterate

A component of the legitimate finished product is fraudulent

Tamper

Legitimate product and package are used in a fraudulent way

Over-run

Legitimate product is made in excess of production agreements

Theft

Legitimate product is stolen and passed off as legitimately procured

Diversion

The sale or distribution of legitimate product outside of intended markets

Simulation

Illegitimate product is designed to look like but not exactly copy the legitimate product

Counterfeit

All aspects of the fraudulent product and package are fully replicated

  1. Note: In each case, fraudsters may not be following the regulatory definitions of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs), or Good Hygiene Practices (GHPs).